Destinasi Pariwisata Indonesia-Borobudur,
or Barabudur is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang, Central
Java, Indonesia, as well as the world's largest Buddhist temple, and also one
of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world.
Address : Jl. Badrawati, Borobudur,
Magelang, Jawa TengahConstruction
started: 750 AD
Height : 35 m
Province : Central Java
Architect : Gunadharma
This
famous Buddhist temple, dating from the 8th and 9th centuries, is located in
central Java. It was built in three tiers: a pyramidal base with five
concentric square terraces, the trunk of a cone with three circular platforms
and, at the top, a monumental stupa. The walls and balustrades are decorated
with fine low reliefs, covering a total surface area of 2,500 m2. Around the
circular platforms are 72 openwork stupas, each containing a statue of the
Buddha. The monument was restored with UNESCO's help in the 1970s.
Outstanding
Universal Value
Brief
synthesis
The
Borobudur Temple Compounds is one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the
world, and was built in the 8th and 9th centuries AD during the reign of the
Syailendra Dynasty. The monument is located in the Kedu Valley, in the southern
part of Central Java, at the centre of the island of Java, Indonesia.
The
main temple is a stupa built in three tiers around a hill which was a natural
centre: a pyramidal base with five concentric square terraces, the trunk of a
cone with three circular platforms and, at the top, a monumental stupa. The
walls and balustrades are decorated with fine low reliefs, covering a total
surface area of 2,520 m2. Around the circular platforms are 72 openwork stupas,
each containing a statue of the Buddha.
The
vertical division of Borobudur Temple into base, body, and superstructure
perfectly accords with the conception of the Universe in Buddhist cosmology. It
is believed that the universe is divided into three superimposing spheres,
kamadhatu, rupadhatu, and arupadhatu, representing respectively the sphere of
desires where we are bound to our desires, the sphere of forms where we abandon
our desires but are still bound to name and form, and the sphere of
formlessness where there is no longer either name or form. At Borobudur Temple,
the kamadhatu is represented by the base, the rupadhatu by the five square
terraces, and the arupadhatu by the three circular platforms as well as the big
stupa. The whole structure shows a unique blending of the very central ideas of
ancestor worship, related to the idea of a terraced mountain, combined with the
Buddhist concept of attaining Nirvana.
The
Temple should also be seen as an outstanding dynastic monument of the
Syailendra Dynasty that ruled Java for around five centuries until the 10th
century.
The
Borobudur Temple Compounds consists of three monuments: namely the Borobudur
Temple and two smaller temples situatued
to the east on a straight axis to Borobudur. The two temples are Mendut Temple,
whose depiction of Buddha is represented by a formidable monolith accompanied
by two Bodhisattvas, and Pawon Temple, a smaller temple whose inner space does
not reveal which deity might have been the object of worship. Those three
monuments represent phases in the attainment of Nirvana.
The
temple was used as a Buddhist temple from its construction until sometime
between the 10th and 15th centuries when it was abandoned. Since its
re-discovery in the 19th century and restoration in the 20th century, it has
been brought back into a Buddhist archaeological site.
Criterion
(i): Borobudur Temple Compounds with its stepped, unroofed pyramid consisting
of ten superimposing terraces, crowned by a large bell-shaped dome is a
harmonious marriage of stupas, temple and mountain that is a masterpiece of
Buddhist architecture and monumental arts.
Criterion
(ii): Borobudur Temple Compounds is an outstanding example of Indonesia’s art
and architecture from between the early 8th and late 9th centuries that exerted
considerable influence on an architectural revival between the mid-13th and
early 16th centuries.
Criterion
(vi): Laid out in the form of a lotus, the sacred flower of Buddha, Borobudur
Temple Compounds is an exceptional reflection of a blending of the very central
idea of indigenous ancestor worship and the Buddhist concept of attaining
Nirvana. The ten mounting terraces of the entire structure correspond to the
successive stages that the Bodhisattva has to achieve before attaining to
Buddhahood.
Integrity
The
boundaries contain the three temples that include the imaginary axis between
them. Although the visual links are no longer open, the dynamic function
between the three monuments, Borobudur Temple, Mendut Temple, and Pawon Temple
is maintained.
The
main threat to the ensemble is from development that could compromise the
extraordinary relationship between the main monument and its wider setting and
could also affect the Outstanding Universal Value of the property. The approach
to the property has to a degree already been compromised by weak developmental
regulations.
Tourism
also exerts considerable pressure on the property and its hinterland.
There
is a growing rate of deterioration of the building stone, the cause of which
needs further research. There is also a small degree of damage caused by
unsupervised visitors.
The
eruption of Mount Merapi is also considered as one of the potential threats
because of its deposit acidic ash as happened in 2010.
Authenticity
The
original materials were used to reconstruct the temple in two phases in the
20th century: after the turn of the century and more recently (1973-1983).
Mostly original materials were used with some additions to consolidate the
monument and ensure proper drainage which has not had any significant adverse
impact on the value of the property. Though the present state of Borobudur
Temple is the result of restorations, it retained more than enough original
material when re-discovered to make a reconstruction possible.
Nowadays
the property could be used as a Buddhist pilgrimage site. Its overall
atmosphere is, however, to a certain degree compromised by the lack of control
of commercial activities and the pressure resulting from the lack of an
adequate tourism management strategy.
Protection
and management requirements
The
protection of the property is performed under Indonesian Law No. 11/2010
concerning Cultural Heritage and its surrounding cultural landscape. It is
executed under a National Strategic Area and the Spatial Management Plan by the
Ministry of Public Works in accordance with the Law concerning Spatial
Management No. 26/2007 and Governmental Regulation No. 26/2008 concerning
National Spatial Planning and will be enforced further by another presidential
regulation regarding the Management for the Borobudur National Strategic Area
that is still being drafted by the Ministry of Public Works.
The
legal and institutional framework for the effective management of the property
is regulated by a Presidential Decree Number 1 Year 1992. The established zones
within the World Heritage property are respectively under the responsibility of
the Borobudur Heritage Conservation Office under Ministry of Education and
Culture, of state-owned institute PT. Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur under the
Ministry of Enterprises, and of the local governments (Magelang Regency and
Central Java Province). A study on the integrated management of Borobudur
Temple Compounds has been conducted, including attention for the ecosystem,
social and cultural aspects, ecotourism, public and private partnership and
organisational feasibility study. This study is the basis of the still to be
developed visitor management approach.
In
order to ensure consistency between the 1992 Presidential Decree and the 1972
JICA Master Plan zone-system indicated in the World Heritage nomination dossier
and to strengthen the regulations regarding development, a New Presidential
Regulation is still being formulated by a Coordinating Board (14 Ministries and
local authorities as well as representatives of local communities) and by
formalizing the role of the proposed Management Board into the wider zones. In
addition, the protection of the property has been ensured by the regular
financial contribution by the national budget.
Monitoring
programs has been effectively executed to monitor the growing rate of
deterioration of building stone and also damage by unsupervised visitors. A
research is being conducted to determine the long- term impact of deposit
acidic ash of eruption of Mount Merapi to set further protection and
conservation management of the property. Furthermore, a risk preparedness plan
will be formulated in 2012.
The
Borobudur Heritage Conservation Office has conducted community development
programs targeting especially at the youth to raise their awareness. In
improving and empowering local community as specialist guide for Borobudur
Temple Compounds, several training programs have been conducted. The community
development related to economical sector (small enterprises that produce traditional
handicrafts, culinaries, etc) have already being conducted by the
municipalities of Magelang Regency and Central Java Province.
Source:
Giovanni Boccardi
http://whc.unesco.org
Source:
Giovanni Boccardi
http://whc.unesco.org
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