Prambanan Temple
Destinasi Pariwisata Indonesia-Candi Prambanan or Candi Rara Jonggrang is an 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Central Java, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimurti, the expression of God as the Creator, the Preserver and the Destroyer.
Address:
Bokoharjo, Prambanan, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Construction
started: 850 AD
Height:
47 m
Opened:
856 AD
Province:
Special Region of Yogyakarta
Phone:
(0274) 496401
Architectural
style: Hindu temple architecture
Did
you know: Prambanan was designated at a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991 and
its global profile as a tourist attraction rose markedly in the 1990s.
Built
in the 10th century, this is the largest temple compound dedicated to Shiva in
Indonesia. Rising above the centre of the last of these concentric squares are
three temples decorated with reliefs illustrating the epic of the Ramayana,
dedicated to the three great Hindu divinities (Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma) and
three temples dedicated to the animals who serve them
Outstanding Universal ValueBrief synthesis
Prambanan
Temple Compounds consist of Prambanan Temple (also called Loro Jonggrang), Sewu
Temple, Bubrah Temple and Lumbung Temple. Prambanan Temple itself is a complex
consisting of 240 temples. All the mentioned temples form the Prambanan
Archaeological Park and were built during the heyday of Sailendra’s powerful
dynasty in Java in the 8th century AD. These compounds are located on the
border between the two provinces of Yogyakarta and Central Java on Java Island.
While
Loro Jonggrang, dating from the 9th century, is a brilliant example of Hindu
religious bas-reliefs, Sewu, with its four pairs of Dwarapala giant statues, is
Indonesia’s largest Buddhist complex including the temples of Lumbung, Bubrah
and Asu (Gana temple). The Hindu temples are decorated with reliefs
illustrating the Indonesian version of the Ramayana epic which are masterpieces
of stone carvings. These are surrounded by hundreds of shrines that have been
arranged in three parts showing high levels of stone building technology and
architecture from the 8th century AD in Java. With over 500 temples, Prambanan
Temple Compounds represents not only an architectural and cultural treasure,
but also a standing proof of past religious peaceful cohabitation.
Criterion
(i): Prambanan Temple Compounds presents the grandiose culture of Siva art as a
masterpiece of the classical period in Indonesia, and the region.
Criterion
(iv): The property is an outstanding religious complex, characteristic of Siva
expression of the 10th century.
Integrity
Prambanan
Temple Compounds comprises of two groups of buildings which includes Loro
Jonggrang, Sewu complexes, Lumbung, Bubrah and Asu (Gana). The 508 stone
temples of various shapes and sizes are either in a complete and preserved
condition or have been retained as ruins. This site includes all elements
necessary to express its exceptional significance and is well maintained. There
are no threats of development or neglect; however the area is prone to natural
threats such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Authenticity
Prambanan
Temple Compounds contains the original structures that were built in the 9th
century AD. The temples collapsed due to earthquake, volcanic eruption and a
shift of political power in the early 11th century, and they were rediscovered
in the 17th century. These compounds have never been displaced or changed.
Restoration works have been conducted since 1918, both in original traditional
method of interlocking stone and modern methods using concrete to strengthen
the temple structure. Even though extensive restoration works have been done in
the past and as recently as after the 2006 earthquake, great care has been
taken to retain the authenticity of the structures.
Protection and management requirements
The
property has been designated as a National Cultural Property in 1998 and the
national law issued in 2010 also supports the protection and conservation of
the property. Management of Prambanan Temple Compounds is accommodated in the
Presidential Decree of 1992 that established the 77 ha that encompasses the
property under central government ownership. This area is divided into two
zones. The management of Zone 1 or the area within the boundary is conducted by
the Ministry of Culture and Tourism under two different regional offices,
namely the Archaeological Preservation Office of Yogyakarta and Central Java.
The Borobudur, Prambanan and Ratu Boko Tourism Park Ltd. are responsible for
Zone 2 which comprises the buffer zone. In order to implement standard
operations for the safeguarding of the property, the government has established
a regulation concerning national vital object area. All regulations have been
well enforced and implemented.
In
order to improve the management of the property, government issued the law in
2007 and government regulation of 2008 concerning national spatial planning
which means that spatial planning in World Cultural Heritage area will be
prioritized. Prambanan site has been established as one of the strategic
national area which consists of Prambanan temple Compounds and others related
temple remains. To ensure the long term safeguarding of the property, an
integrated management and regulation that support preservation is needed.
The Action Plan of 2007 has been implemented
with the involvement of the local community around the property. The welfare of
the local community around the property that was affected by the earthquake of
27 May 2006, is now improving with the recovery of the usual economic activity
and especially in the creative industry sector. The Siva temple has not been
rehabilitated but research activities or technical studies of the Siva temple
have been carried out in 2010 and 2011. The results have been discussed at
national and international level with the conclusion that it is still necessary
to study and research to determine the method of handling Siva Temple,
including monitoring through seismograph study and crack meter periodically.
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